Topic

Stoicism

Stoic philosophy, virtue, reason, emotional discipline, human responsibility and the distinction between what is and is not within our control.

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Thinkers

Chrysippus

Philosopher · c. 279–206 BCE · Stoic philosophy

The third head of the Stoic school and its principal early system-builder.

Cleanthes

Philosopher · c. 330–230 BCE · Stoic philosophy

Successor to Zeno and an important early defender of Stoicism, best known for the Hymn to Zeus.

Epictetus

Philosopher · c. 50–135 CE · Stoic philosophy

A former enslaved person who became a major Stoic teacher of freedom, responsibility and disciplined judgement.

Marcus Aurelius

Philosopher · 121–180 CE · Stoic philosophy

Roman emperor whose private reflections, now called the Meditations, explore duty, mortality and self-command.

Musonius Rufus

Philosopher · c. 30–100 CE · Stoic philosophy

A Roman Stoic teacher who treated philosophy as training for ethical conduct rather than abstract study alone.

Seneca

Philosopher · c. 4 BCE–65 CE · Stoic philosophy

Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and writer whose works examine time, death, anger, wealth and virtue.

Zeno of Citium

Philosopher · c. 334–262 BCE · Stoic philosophy

Founder of the Stoic school, which began teaching in Athens around the beginning of the third century BCE.

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